Short-term outcomes of laparoscopic extended hepatectomy versus major hepatectomy: a single-center experience.

INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic major hepatectomy (LMH) remains restricted to a few specialized centers and poses a challenge to surgeons performing laparoscopic resections. Laparoscopic extended resections are even more complex and rarely conducted. METHODS: From a single-institution database, we compared the short-term outcomes of patients who underwent major and extended laparoscopic resections, stratifying the entire retrospective cohort into four groups: right hepatectomy, left hepatectomy, right extended hepatectomy, and left extended hepatectomy. Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, operative variables, and especially postoperative outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: 250 patients underwent major and extended laparoscopic liver resections, including 160 right, 31 right extended, 36 left, and 23 left extended laparoscopic hepatectomies. The most common indication for resection was colorectal liver metastases (64%). Laparoscopic extended hepatectomy (LEH) showed significantly longer operative time, more blood loss, need for Pringle maneuver, conversion to open surgery, higher rates of liver failure, postoperative ascites, and intra-abdominal hemorrhage, R1 margins and length of stay when compared with the LMH group. Mortality rates were similar between groups. Multivariate analysis revealed intraoperative blood transfusion (OR = 5.1[CI-95%: 1.15-6.79]; p = 0.02) as an independent predictor for major complications. CONCLUSIONS: LEH showed to be feasible, however with higher blood loss and significantly associated to major complications.

Stapled Anastomosis Versus Hand-Sewn Anastomosis With Mucosectomy for Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Postoperative Outcomes, Functional Outcomes, and Oncological Safety.

PURPOSE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare outcomes between stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) and hand-sewn IPAA with mucosectomy in cases of ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis) guidelines 2020 and AMSTAR 2 (Assessing the methodological quality of systematic reviews) guidelines. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs). Subgroup analysis was performed according to the indication for surgery. RESULTS: The bibliographic research yielded 31 trials: 3 RCTs, 5 prospective clinical trials, and 24 CCTs including 8872 patients: 4871 patients in the stapled group and 4038 in the hand-sewn group. Regarding postoperative outcomes, the stapled group had a lower rate of anastomotic stricture, small bowel obstruction, and ileal pouch failure. There were no differences between the 2 groups in terms of operative time, anastomotic leak, pelvic sepsis, pouchitis, or hospital stay. For functional outcomes, the stapled group was associated with greater outcomes in terms of seepage per day and by night, pad use, night incontinence, resting pressure, and squeeze pressure. There were no differences in stool Frequency per 24h, stool frequency at night, antidiarrheal medication, sexual impotence, or length of the high-pressure zone. There was no difference between the 2 groups in terms of dysplasia and neoplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to hand-sewn anastomosis, stapled ileoanal anastomosis leads to a large reduction in anastomotic stricture, small bowel obstruction, ileal pouch failure, seepage by day and night, pad use, and night incontinence. This may ensure a higher resting pressure and squeeze pressure in manometry evaluation. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The protocol was registered at PROSPERO under CRD 42022379880.

Convolutional Neural Networks in the Inspection of Serrasalmids (Characiformes) Fingerlings.

Aquaculture produces more than 122 million tons of fish globally. Among the several economically important species are the Serrasalmidae, which are valued for their nutritional and sensory characteristics. To meet the growing demand, there is a need for automation and accuracy of processes, at a lower cost. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are a viable alternative for automation, reducing human intervention, work time, errors, and production costs. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in counting round fish fingerlings (Serrasalmidae) at different densities using 390 color photographs in an illuminated environment. The photographs were submitted to two convolutional neural networks for object detection: one model was adapted from a pre-trained CNN and the other was an online platform based on AutoML. The metrics used for performance evaluation were precision (P), recall (R), accuracy (A), and F1-Score. In conclusion, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are effective tools for detecting and counting fish. The pre-trained CNN demonstrated outstanding performance in identifying fish fingerlings, achieving accuracy, precision, and recall rates of 99% or higher, regardless of fish density. On the other hand, the AutoML exhibited reduced accuracy and recall rates as the number of fish increased.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of hernia sac management in laparoscopic groin hernia mesh repair: reduction or transection?

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus regarding hernia sac management during laparoscopic hernia repair, and this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the postoperative outcomes of sac reduction (RS) and sac transection (TS) during laparoscopic mesh hernia repair. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 and AMSTAR 2 (Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews) guidelines. We used the RevMan 5.4 statistical package from the Cochrane collaboration for meta-analysis. A random effects model was used. RESULTS: The literature search yielded six eligible studies including 2941 patients: 821 patients in the TS group and 2120 patients in the RS group. In the pooled analysis, the TS group was associated with a lower incidence of seroma (OR = 1.71; 95% CI [1.22, 2.39], p = 0.002) and shorter hospital stay (MD = -0.07; 95% CI [-0.12, -0.02], p = 0.008). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of morbidity (OR = 0.87; 95% CI [0.34, 2.19], p = 0.76), operative time (MD = -4.39; 95% CI [-13.62, 4.84], p = 0.35), recurrence (OR = 2.70; 95% CI [0.50, 14.50], p = 0.25), and Postoperative pain. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis showed that hernia sac transection is associated with a lower seroma rate and shorter hospital stay with similar morbidity, operative time, recurrence, and postoperative pain compared to the reduction of the hernia sac. PROTOCOL: The protocol was registered in PROSPERO with ID CRD42023391730.

Banded versus non-banded sleeve gastrectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic banded sleeve gastrectomy (LBSG) has been compared to laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in terms of anthropometric results and postoperative complications, which are controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the safety and efficacy of LBSG and LSG. METHODS: We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis according to preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis 2020 and assessing the methodological quality of systematic review 2 guidelines. We included studies that systematically searched electronic databases and compared LBSG with LSG conducted until August 10, 2021. RESULTS: The literature search yielded 8 comparative studies. Seven hundred forty-three patients were included: 352 in the LBSG group and 391 in the LSG group. LBSG group allowed greater anthropometric parameters (body mass index [BMI] after 1 year (mean difference [MD] = -3.18; 95% CI [-5.45, -0.92], P = .006), %EWL after 1 year (MD = 8.02; 95% CI [1.22, 14.81], P = .02), and %EWL after 3 years (MD = 10.60; 95% CI [5.60, 15.69], P < .001) and similar results with LSG group in terms of operative time (MD = 1.23; 95% CI [-4.71, 7.17], P = .69), food intolerance (OR = 1.72; 95% CI [0.84, 3.49], P = .14), postoperative vomiting (OR = 2.10; 95% CI [0.69, 6.35], P = .19), and De novo GERD (OR = 0.65; 95% CI [0.34, 1.26], P = .2). Nevertheless, major postoperative complications did not differ between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and meta-analysis comparing LBSG and LSG concluded that banding sleeve gastrectomy (SG) may ensure a lower BMI and %EWL after 1 year of follow-up, and a significant reduction in %EWL after 3 years of follow-up. There is no evidence to support LBSG in vomiting, de novo GERD, food intolerance, or operative time.

Robotic versus open total pancreatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Limited data are available on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing robotic total pancreatectomy (RTP). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the postoperative outcomes of RTP and open total pancreatectomy (OTP). We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis according to the PRISMA 2020 and AMSTAR 2 guidelines. We included studies conducted through August 10, 2022, that systematically searched electronic databases and compared RTP with OTP. We retained four controlled clinical trials in the literature search, including 156 patients: 65 in the RTP group and 91 in the OTP group. There was no difference between the RTP group and OTP group in terms of mortality, severe complications, morbidity, bleeding, biliary leak, delayed gastric emptying, reoperation, operative time, length of stay, harvested lymph nodes, and positive resection margin. The RTP reduces the delay of the first liquid diet, first oral diet, and out of bed. RTP is feasible and safe in selected patients. Robotic surgery allows for a quicker recovery. In cases of major vessel invasion, conversion to laparotomy should be preoperatively considered.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of liver venous deprivation versus portal vein embolization before hepatectomy: future liver volume, postoperative outcomes, and oncological safety.

Introduction: This systematic review aimed to compare liver venous deprivation (LVD) with portal vein embolization (PVE) in terms of future liver volume, postoperative outcomes, and oncological safety before major hepatectomy. Methods: We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines 2020 and AMSTAR 2 guidelines. Comparative articles published before November 2022 were retained. Results: The literature search identified nine eligible comparative studies. They included 557 patients, 207 in the LVD group and 350 in the PVE group. This systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that LVD was associated with higher future liver remnant (FLR) volume after embolization, percentage of FLR hypertrophy, lower failure of resection due to low FLR, faster kinetic growth, higher day 5 prothrombin time, and higher 3 years' disease-free survival. This study did not find any difference between the LVD and PVE groups in terms of complications related to embolization, FLR percentage of hypertrophy after embolization, failure of resection, 3-month mortality, overall morbidity, major complications, operative time, blood loss, bile leak, ascites, post hepatectomy liver failure, day 5 bilirubin level, hospital stay, and three years' overall survival. Conclusion: LVD is as feasible and safe as PVE with encouraging results making some selected patients more suitable for surgery, even with a small FLR. Systematic review registration: The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO before conducting the study (CRD42021287628).

HOW TO PERFORM LAPAROSCOPIC DISTAL PANCREATECTOMY USING THE CLOCKWISE TECHNIQUE.

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic pancreatectomy is currently a widely used approach for benign and malignant lesions of the pancreas. AIMS: This study aimed to describe how to perform a laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy using The Clockwise Technique. METHODS: An 18-year-old female patient presented with a well-defined tumor in the pancreatic body with 4 cm in diameter that suggested a diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary tumor (Frantz's tumor). The patient was recommended for laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy by using The Clockwise Technique. RESULTS: The clockwise, caudal-to-cephalic approach appears to have other significant technical advantages that facilitate the performance of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: A laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy performed using The Clockwise Technique provides satisfactory outcomes.

Nanoparticles Loaded with Essential Oil from Zanthoxylum riedelianum Engl. Leaves: Characterization and Effects on Bemisia tabaci Middle-East Asia Minor 1.

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Middle-East Asia Minor 1 is a major pest of agricultural production systems. It is controlled by synthetic insecticides. Essential oils are promising eco-friendly alternatives. This study developed and characterized nanoparticles loaded with essential oils of Zanthoxylum riedelianum Engl. (Rutaceae) leaves and evaluated their potential for B. tabaci management. The essential oil exhibited an average yield of 0.02% (w w-1) and showed as major components γ-elemene (24.81%), phytol (18.16%), bicyclogermacrene (16.18%), cis-nerolidol (8.26%), and D-germacrene (6.52%). Characterization of the nanoparticles showed a pH between 4.5 and 6.7, a zeta potential of approximately - 25 mV, particle-size distribution ranging from 450 to 550 nm, and encapsulation efficiency close to 98%. The nanoencapsulation was an efficient process that provided photostability against photodegradation. Bioassays with crude and nanoencapsulated essential oils significantly reduced the number of nymphs and eggs of B. tabaci, with the best results observed at concentrations of 5 and 2% (v v-1). Our results demonstrated that essential oils from Z. riedelianum can be nanoformulated resulting in a stable product while maintaining their biological activity against B. tabaci Middle-East Asia Minor 1.

Analysis of cathepsin S expression in gastric adenocarcinoma and in Helicobacter pylori infection.

BACKGROUND: Recent experimental studies have suggested a potential link between cathepsin S (CTTS) and gastric adenocarcinoma progression. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the expression of CTTS in gastric adenocarcinoma in patients who underwent curative-intent surgical resection. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that included two groups: gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 42) and gastritis (n = 50). The gastritis group was then subdivided into H. pylori-positive (n = 25) and H. pylori-negative (n = 25) groups. Gastric tissue samples were analysed to determine CTTS expression through immunohistochemistry. Samples were obtained by oesophagogastroduodenoscopy or surgical specimens. RESULTS: In patients with gastritis, the age ranged from 18 to 78 years. Among them, 34% were male, and 66% were female. In patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, the age ranged from 37 to 85 years. Among them, 50% were male. When comparing the expression of CTTS between the two groups, only 16% of the gastritis samples had an expression higher than 25%. Alternatively, among patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, 19% had expression between 25-50%, 14.3% between 51-75%, and 26.2% had expression higher than 75% (p < 0.001). In the gastritis group, CTTS expression was significantly higher in patients with a positive test for H. pylori than negative test for H. pylori: 87.5% and 38.5%, respectively (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant association between CTTS positivity and clinicopathological variables, including tumour staging, histological type, angiolymphatic invasion, recurrence, current status and death. CONCLUSION: CTTS expression is higher in gastric adenocarcinoma samples. Patients with gastritis due to H. pylori also show a higher expression of CTTS than patients with negative results for this bacterium.

How to perform laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy using the clockwise technique / Como realizar a pancreatectomia distal laparoscópica usando a clockwise technique

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic pancreatectomy is currently a widely used approach for benign and malignant lesions of the pancreas. AIMS: This study aimed to describe how to perform a laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy using The Clockwise Technique. METHODS: An 18-year-old female patient presented with a well-defined tumor in the pancreatic body with 4 cm in diameter that suggested a diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary tumor (Frantz's tumor). The patient was recommended for laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy by using The Clockwise Technique. RESULTS: The clockwise, caudal-to-cephalic approach appears to have other significant technical advantages that facilitate the performance of the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: A laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy performed using The Clockwise Technique provides satisfactory outcomes.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: A pancreatectomia laparoscópica está se tornando uma abordagem amplamente usada para lesões benignas e malignas do pâncreas. OBJETIVOS: Descrever como realizar a pancreatectomia distal laparoscópica usando a Clockwise Technique. MÉTODOS: Paciente feminina com 18 anos de idade, apresentando tumor bem definido no corpo pancreático com 4 cm de diâmetro que sugeria o diagnóstico de tumor sólido pseudopapilar (tumor de Frantz). O paciente foi considerado para pancreatectomia distal laparoscópica pela Clockwise Technique. RESULTADOS: A Clockwise Technique parece apresentar outras vantagens técnicas significativas que facilitam a realização do procedimento. CONCLUSÕES: A pancreatectomia distal laparoscópica foi realizada com a clockwise technique, obtendo-se resultados satisfatórios.

Rare Mixed Adenoneuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Gallbladder: Case Report and Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder (gMANEC) is an extremely rare cancer. Most of the cases are reported in Asia, North America, and Europe, with no cases reported in Latin America; this is the first report for this region, and the 24th case reported worldwide. CASE REPORT A 68-year-old woman was referred to our department due to asthenia and moderate abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant for 6 months, with imaging examinations showing a solid heterogeneous expansive lesion in gallbladder topography and segment IV of the liver. The MRI displayed an expansive and heterogeneous lesion with inaccurate limits in the gallbladder affecting segment IVb of the liver, in addition to lymphadenopathy in the hepatic hilum. A cholecystectomy with resection of segments IV-B and V of the liver (radical cholecystectomy) and hepatic hilar lymphadenectomy were performed. Anatomopathological examination and immunohistochemistry confirmed a primary mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma of the gallbladder. The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy; however, after the patient reported experiencing low back pain, a CT was performed, revealing retroperitoneal metastasis, and the radiotherapy was interrupted. Currently, the patient has a stable disease, following a protocol of 5-Fluorouracil and somatostatin, and she reports having low back pain of low intensity. CONCLUSIONS This is the 24th gMANEC case reported in the literature. The tumor was successfully resected; however, the patient presented retroperitoneal metastasis 6 months after surgery, despite combined adjuvant therapy.

[Pharmaceutical globalization and biological citizenship: notes on the implementation of post-exposure prophylaxis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. / Globalização farmacêutica e cidadania biológica: notas sobre a implementação da profilaxia pós-exposição no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

Based on a multicenter ethnographic field survey on the implementation of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, this article discusses aspects of micropolitics in the supply of "new preventive technologies" based on the concepts of pharmaceutical globalization and biological citizenship. Combined prevention suggests the joint use of behavioral, biomedical, and structural strategies to confront HIV, but on the margins of this policy's co-construction, actions by health services in Rio Grande do Sul showed a profound fragmentation of this combination in the network, prioritizing access to medication. Stimulated by a scenario of pharmaceutical globalization, the way PEP is accessed and supplied to users encourages a biological citizenship that involves the right to prevention, in this case through the individual right to consume the medication. However, access to this right is permeated by moral conditioning factors linked to risk categories and by the users' social context, reproducing inequalities in health and impoverishing the counseling approach. The article discusses the need for combined prevention strategies that strengthen the approach of social and program dimensions in the epidemic, which will also bolster the attention to individual vulnerabilities from the perspective of comprehensive health.

Com base em uma pesquisa etnográfica multissituada no campo da implementação da profilaxia pós-exposição (PEP) em serviços de saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, este estudo discute aspectos da micropolítica de oferta das "novas tecnologias de prevenção" mediante conceitos de globalização farmacêutica e cidadania biológica. A prevenção combinada sugere o emprego conjunto de estratégias comportamentais, biomédicas e estruturais para enfrentar o HIV, porém, nas margens (co)construídas dessa política, as ações dos serviços de saúde observados no Rio Grande do Sul evidenciaram a profunda fragmentação dessa combinação na rede, privilegiando-se o acesso à medicação. Estimulada por um cenário de globalização farmacêutica, a forma como a PEP é acessada e ofertada aos usuários enseja a articulação de uma cidadania biológica que implica o direito à prevenção, nesse caso por meio do direito individual de consumir a medicação. Contudo, o acesso a tal direito é perpassado por condicionamentos morais atrelados às categorias de risco e pelo contexto social dos usuários, reproduzindo-se iniquidades em saúde e empobrecendo a abordagem de aconselhamento. Discute-se a necessidade de que estratégias de prevenção combinada fortaleçam a abordagem das dimensões sociais e programáticas da epidemia, o que também potencializará a atenção às vulnerabilidades individuais na perspectiva da saúde integral.

Basándose en una investigación etnográfica multisituada en el campo de la implementación de la profilaxia posexposición (PEP) en servicios de salud del Estado de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil, este estudio discute aspectos de la micropolítica de oferta de las "nuevas tecnologías de prevención", a partir de los conceptos de globalización farmacéutica y ciudadanía biológica. La prevención combinada sugiere el empleo conjunto de estrategias comportamentales, biomédicas y estructurales para enfrentar el VIH, sin embargo, en los márgenes (co)construidos de esa política, las acciones de los servicios de salud observados en Río Grande do Sul evidenciaron la profunda fragmentación de esta combinación en red, privilegiándose el acceso a la medicación. Estimulada por un escenario de globalización farmacéutica, la forma como se accede a la PEP y se ofrece a los usuarios da la oportunidad a la creación de una ciudadanía biológica que implica el derecho a la prevención, en este caso mediante el derecho individual a consumir la medicación. No obstante, el acceso a tal derecho es traspasado por condicionamientos morales, vinculados a las categorías de riesgo y por el contexto social de los usuarios, reproduciéndose inequidades en salud y empobreciendo el planteamiento de asesoramiento. Se discute la necesidad sobre qué estrategias de prevención combinada fortalecen el planteamiento de las dimensiones sociales y programáticas de la epidemia, lo que también potencializará la atención a las vulnerabilidades individuales desde la perspectiva de la salud integral.

WHAT'S NEW IN INFECTION ON SURGICAL SITE AND ANTIBIOTICOPROPHYLAXIS IN SURGERY?

INTRODUCTION: Infection of the surgical site is the common complication, with significant rates of morbidity and mortality, representing a considerable economic problem for the health system. OBJECTIVE: To carry out a narrative review of the literature on surgical site infection and the principles of antibiotic prophylaxis to update the knowledge of its use in surgery. METHOD: Medline, Ovid, Google Scholar, National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Cochrane and SciELO were used for the research. The keywords used were "anti-bacterial agents"; "antibioticoprophylaxis" AND "surgical wound infection". The inclusion criteria were articles of recent publication, with full texts available and performed in humans. RESULT: A total of 29 articles were evaluated and selected according to the eligibility criteria. CONCLUSION: Infection of the surgical site is the most common postoperative complication. The key point of its prevention is the combination of several interventions that aim to reduce risk factors, such as: compliance with the new guidelines of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention; the principles of the use of prophylactic antibiotics; factors and risk index of the surgical site; administration time; duration and dosage of antibiotics. These data are available in this article.

HARTMANN PROCEDURE OR RESECTION WITH PRIMARY ANASTOMOSIS FOR TREATMENT OF PERFORATED DIVERTICULITIS? SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS.

BACKGROUND: Mortality after emergency surgery in randomized controlled trials. The Hartmann procedure remains the treatment of choice for most surgeons for the urgent surgical treatment of perforated diverticulitis; however, it is associated with high rates of ostomy non-reversion and postoperative morbidity. AIM: To study the results after the Hartmann vs. resection with primary anastomosis, with or without ileostomy, for the treatment of perforated diverticulitis with purulent or fecal peritonitis (Hinchey grade III or IV), and to compare the advantages between the two forms of treatment. METHOD: Systematic search in the literature of observational and randomized articles comparing resection with primary anastomosis vs. Hartmann's procedure in the emergency treatment of perforated diverticulitis. Analyze as primary outcomes the mortality after the emergency operation and the general morbidity after it. As secondary outcomes, severe morbidity after emergency surgery, rates of non-reversion of the ostomy, general and severe morbidity after reversion. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between surgical procedures for mortality, general morbidity and severe morbidity. However, the differences were statistically significant, favoring primary anastomosis in comparison with the Hartmann procedure in the outcome rates of stoma non-reversion, general morbidity and severe morbidity after reversion. CONCLUSION: Primary anastomosis is a good alternative to the Hartmann procedure, with no increase in mortality and morbidity, and with better results in the operation for intestinal transit reconstruction.

"Semente para Luta": ativismos, direito à saúde e enfrentamentos de pessoas LGBTI na pandemia da covid-19 / "Seed for Fight": activism, right to health and confrontations of LGBTI people in the covid-19 pandemic

Resumo Este trabalho investiga como a saúde de pessoas lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis, transexuais e intersexuais (LGBTI) tem sido afetada no contexto da pandemia da covid-19, por meio da percepção de ativistas da sociedade civil organizada, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brasil. Realizou-se uma análise qualitativa, que reporta dados preliminares de um estudo maior sobre a Política Nacional de Saúde LGBTI. O levantamento foi feito entre maio e julho de 2020, com a aplicação de entrevistas realizadas online. O enfoque se deu sobre as percepções, as experiências individuais e coletivas de ativistas sobre a temática da saúde LGBTI, em meio ao atravessamento da pandemia da covid-19. Constataram-se efeitos sobre a mobilização comunitária; o acesso aos serviços de saúde; a saúde mental; e as situações de violência e proteção social. Conclui-se que as intervenções coletivas de pessoas LGBTI são fundamentais em contextos de crise sanitária e dão suporte à garantia do direito à saúde e preservação de políticas públicas a esta população.

Abstract This study investigates how the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transvestite, transsexual, and intersex (LGBTI) people has been affected in the context of the covid-19 pandemic, by the perception of organized civil society activists in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is a qualitative analysis, which reports data from a larger study on the National Health Policy LGBTI. The survey was conducted between May and July 2020, with the application of online interviews. The focus was on the perceptions, individual and collective experiences of activists on the theme of LGBTI health, amidst the covid-19 pandemic. We found effects on community mobilization; access to health services; mental health; and situations of violence and social protection. The study concluded that the collective interventions of LGBTI people are fundamental in contexts of health crisis and support the guarantee of the right to health and the preservation of public policies for this population.

Globalização farmacêutica e cidadania biológica: notas sobre a implementação da profilaxia pós-exposição no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Pharmaceutical globalization and biological citizenship: notes on the implementation of post-exposure prophylaxis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Globalización farmacéutica y ciudadanía biológica: notas sobre la implementación de la profilaxis posexposición en Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Com base em uma pesquisa etnográfica multissituada no campo da implementação da profilaxia pós-exposição (PEP) em serviços de saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, este estudo discute aspectos da micropolítica de oferta das "novas tecnologias de prevenção" mediante conceitos de globalização farmacêutica e cidadania biológica. A prevenção combinada sugere o emprego conjunto de estratégias comportamentais, biomédicas e estruturais para enfrentar o HIV, porém, nas margens (co)construídas dessa política, as ações dos serviços de saúde observados no Rio Grande do Sul evidenciaram a profunda fragmentação dessa combinação na rede, privilegiando-se o acesso à medicação. Estimulada por um cenário de globalização farmacêutica, a forma como a PEP é acessada e ofertada aos usuários enseja a articulação de uma cidadania biológica que implica o direito à prevenção, nesse caso por meio do direito individual de consumir a medicação. Contudo, o acesso a tal direito é perpassado por condicionamentos morais atrelados às categorias de risco e pelo contexto social dos usuários, reproduzindo-se iniquidades em saúde e empobrecendo a abordagem de aconselhamento. Discute-se a necessidade de que estratégias de prevenção combinada fortaleçam a abordagem das dimensões sociais e programáticas da epidemia, o que também potencializará a atenção às vulnerabilidades individuais na perspectiva da saúde integral.

Based on a multicenter ethnographic field survey on the implementation of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, this article discusses aspects of micropolitics in the supply of "new preventive technologies" based on the concepts of pharmaceutical globalization and biological citizenship. Combined prevention suggests the joint use of behavioral, biomedical, and structural strategies to confront HIV, but on the margins of this policy's co-construction, actions by health services in Rio Grande do Sul showed a profound fragmentation of this combination in the network, prioritizing access to medication. Stimulated by a scenario of pharmaceutical globalization, the way PEP is accessed and supplied to users encourages a biological citizenship that involves the right to prevention, in this case through the individual right to consume the medication. However, access to this right is permeated by moral conditioning factors linked to risk categories and by the users' social context, reproducing inequalities in health and impoverishing the counseling approach. The article discusses the need for combined prevention strategies that strengthen the approach of social and program dimensions in the epidemic, which will also bolster the attention to individual vulnerabilities from the perspective of comprehensive health.

Basándose en una investigación etnográfica multisituada en el campo de la implementación de la profilaxia posexposición (PEP) en servicios de salud del Estado de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil, este estudio discute aspectos de la micropolítica de oferta de las "nuevas tecnologías de prevención", a partir de los conceptos de globalización farmacéutica y ciudadanía biológica. La prevención combinada sugiere el empleo conjunto de estrategias comportamentales, biomédicas y estructurales para enfrentar el VIH, sin embargo, en los márgenes (co)construidos de esa política, las acciones de los servicios de salud observados en Río Grande do Sul evidenciaron la profunda fragmentación de esta combinación en red, privilegiándose el acceso a la medicación. Estimulada por un escenario de globalización farmacéutica, la forma como se accede a la PEP y se ofrece a los usuarios da la oportunidad a la creación de una ciudadanía biológica que implica el derecho a la prevención, en este caso mediante el derecho individual a consumir la medicación. No obstante, el acceso a tal derecho es traspasado por condicionamientos morales, vinculados a las categorías de riesgo y por el contexto social de los usuarios, reproduciéndose inequidades en salud y empobreciendo el planteamiento de asesoramiento. Se discute la necesidad sobre qué estrategias de prevención combinada fortalecen el planteamiento de las dimensiones sociales y programáticas de la epidemia, lo que también potencializará la atención a las vulnerabilidades individuales desde la perspectiva de la salud integral.

Experiências anômalas e dissociativas em contexto religioso: uma abordagem autoetnográfica / Anomalous and dissociative experiences in a religious context: an autoethnographic approach / Experiencias anómalas y disociativas en un contexto religioso: un enfoque autoetnografico

A presente pesquisa investigou as características fenomenológicas das experiências anômalas (EAs) relatadas em contextos mediúnicos umbandistas, a partir de uma comparação entre EAs reportadas durante rituais envolvendo o uso da substância Ayahuasca e rituais sem o uso dessa substância. Para tanto, comparamos indivíduos com diferentes graus de envolvimento com as práticas mediúnicas umbandistas, tendo por base uma abordagem autoetnográfica. A perspectiva metodológica adotada nos permitiu confrontar os dados subjetivos com o conhecimento disponível na literatura acadêmica acerca das EAs, dos fenômenos dissociativos e estados alterados de consciência, tendo sido fundamental para uma compreensão mais sensível das nuances e características dessas experiências. Os relatos analisados atestam uma semelhança significativa entre as experiências vivenciadas com e sem o uso de Ayahuasca em contextos mediúnicos. Em ambos os casos, os experienciadores puderam reconhecer similaridades no que diz respeito à redução do controle motor, às alterações perceptivas e mnêmicas experimentadas, à comunicabilidade da experiência, à recepção anômala de informação e a um aumento da sensibilidade interpessoal. Os resultados indicam a viabilidade metodológica da autoetnografia como recurso para um aprofundamento de aspectos das EAs e outras experiências subjetivas usualmente de difícil investigação por outros métodos.

The present study explored the phenomenological characteristics of anomalous experiences (AEs) reported during Umbanda rituals, a mediumistic Brazilian religion, with the aim of comparing AEs reported during rituals involving the use of Ayahuasca (an entheogen frequently used in some Umbanda contexts) and rituals without the use of this substance. In order to do so, we compared individuals with different levels of involvement with the mediumistic practices. The study was based on an auto-ethnographic approach. This methodological perspective allowed us to confront subjective data with the available knowledge in the scientific literature about AEs, dissociative phenomena and altered states of consciousness and was of fundamental importance for a more sensitive understanding of the nuances and characteristics of these experiences. The results attest to a significant similarity between the experiences reported with and without the use of Ayahuasca in mediumistic contexts. In both groups, the experiencers were able to identify certain similarities in their experiences regarding a reduction of voluntary motor control, changes in memory and perception, communicability and accessibility of experiences, anomalous information reception and increases in interpersonal sensitivity. The results support the methodological feasibility of autoethnography as a research tool and point to its relevance to a deeper understanding of AEs and other subjective experiences usually of difficult investigation by other research methods.

En la presente investigación se analiso las características fenomenológicas de experiencias anómalas (EAs) relatadas en contextos mediúmnicos umbandistas por medio de una comparación entre EAs reportadas durante rituales con el uso de la sustancia Ayahuasca y rituales sin el uso de esa sustancia. Para alcanzar ese objectivo, comparamos algunas caracteristicas de individuos con diferentes grados de involucracion con las prácticas mediúmnicas. Utilizamos un enfoque autoetnográfico. La perspectiva metodológica adoptada nos permitió evaluar los datos subjetivos con el conocimiento disponible en la literatura académica acerca de las EAs, de los fenómenos disociativos y los estados alterados de conciencia. Este acercamiento metodológico fue fundamental para una comprensión más sensible de los matices y características de las experiencias investigadas. Los relatos analizados atestiguan una similitud significativa entre las experiencias vivenciadas con y sin el uso de Ayahuasca en contextos mediúmnicos. En ambos casos, los participantes reconoceran similitudes en lo que se refiere a la reducción del control motor, a las alteraciones perceptivas y mnémicas experimentadas, a la comunicabilidad de la experiencia, a la recepción anómala de información, y un aumento de la sensibilidad interpersonal. Los resultados indican la viabilidad metodológica de la autoetnografía como recurso para una compreension profunda de aspectos de las EAs y otras experiencias subjetivas usualmente de difícil investigación por otros métodos.